低壓配電系統的設計

更新時間：2024-07-31

瀏覽次數：985

1 關于配電箱：

配電箱是按電氣接線要求將開關設備，測量儀表，保護電氣和輔助設備組裝在封閉金屬或非金屬箱重，購車低壓配電裝置的設備。配電箱應具有合理的分配電能的作用，且設計時盡量考慮各相負載均衡，啟停控制對電網影響降低到最小。一般分為照明配電箱，計量給電箱，動力配電箱。

2 生產執行標準：

一般在中國我們按照GB7251標準執行，在國際上的其他地區的項目，應遵循招標方技術規格要求執行。

GB7251.1 2013 低壓成套開關設備和控制設備第1部分總則

GB7251.12 2013低壓成套開關設備和控制設備第2部分：成套電力開關和控制設備

GB7251.3 2017低壓成套開關設備和控制設備第3部分由一般人員操作的配電盤

在國際上，我們一般按照IEC61439標準執行，滿足歐標標準。有時候客戶項目要求也會按British Standard標準執行，BS標準的開關標準覆蓋了很多方面，包括電路斷路器、跳閘器、動力繼電器、氣體絕緣開關、手動控制開關、車用電子產品、繼電器等。深入了解這些標準對于市場參與者（例如制造商和設計院）和最終用戶的安全至關重要。

BS開關標準的實施旨在保證產品的質量和性能，以確保在使用開關設備時不會出現危險和故障。在制定標準的過程中，會對開關產品的性能、壽命、外部環境的影響、使用者的安全需求、電壓和頻率等多種因素進行綜合考慮。

BS開關標準在很長一段時間內一直被視為世界上比較權&威性和可靠的標準之一。人們普遍認為采用符合BS標準的開關將為消費者提供更安全、可靠和長久使用的保障。

3 電參數及使用環境的要求：

不同國家及地區，變電站出來的電壓不僅相同，所以在設計開始時，應與客戶確認電壓，防護等級，室內或是室外使用，以及是否屬于海邊，或者是海上使用。同時，我們還應考慮現場的溫差，及濕度，海拔等影響。溫度/濕度早晚比較大的情況時，箱內需要加裝加熱器除濕，必要時還需要加裝性能可靠的呼吸閥。現場的復雜環境均會影響元件的選型及配電箱結構的設計。此外還應考慮配電箱的安裝方式，及柜門的打開方向，配電箱殼體的材質要求等等。

4 配電箱的防護等級：

IP防護等級（Ingress Protection））系統是由IEC（International Electrotechnical Commission）所起草，將電器依其防塵防濕氣之特性加以分級。IP防護等級是由兩個數字所組成，第1個數字表示電器防塵、防止外物侵入的等級(這里所指的外物含工具，人的手指等均不可接觸到電器之內帶電部分，以免觸電)，第2個數字表示電器防濕氣、防水浸入的密閉程度，數字越大表示其防護等級越高。防護等級應遵照IEC60529標準執行。

IP后首數字 代表防塵等級

數字	防護范圍	說明
0	無防護	對外界的人或物無特殊的防護
1	防止直徑大于50mm的固體外物侵入	防止人體（如手掌）因意外而接觸到電器內部的零件，防止較大尺寸（直徑大于50mm）的外物侵入
2	防止直徑大于12.5mm的固體外物侵入	防止人的手指接觸到電器內部的零件，防止中等尺寸（直徑大于12.5mm）的外物侵入
3	防止直徑大于2.5mm的固體外物侵入	防止直徑或厚度大于2.5mm的工具、電線及類似的小型外物侵入而接觸到電器內部的零件
4	防止直徑大于1.0mm的固體外物侵入	防止直徑或厚度大于1.0mm的工具、電線及類似的小型外物侵入而接觸到電器內部的零件
5	防止外物及灰塵	全防止外物侵入，雖不能全防止灰塵侵入，但灰塵的侵入量不會影響電器的正常運作
6	防止外物及灰塵	全防止外物及灰塵侵入

IP后第二位數字代表防水等級

數字	防護范圍	說明
0	無防護	對水或濕氣無特殊的防護
1	防止水滴浸入	垂直落下的水滴（如凝結水）不會對電器造成損壞
2	傾斜15度時，仍可防止水滴浸入	當電器由垂直傾斜至15度時，滴水不會對電器造成損壞
3	防止噴灑的水浸入	防雨或防止與垂直的夾角小于60度的方向所噴灑的水侵入電器而造成損壞
4	防止飛濺的水浸入	防止各個方向飛濺而來的水侵入電器而造成損壞
5	防止噴射的水浸入	防持續至少3分鐘的低壓噴水
6	防止大浪浸入	防持續至少3分鐘的大量噴水

5 內部元件的選擇

元件的選擇如熱繼電器的選擇，需要根據脫扣電流及復雜還選擇。此外，不用國家的不同標準，還應注意導線的顏色，及耐壓等級，是否有要求導線為低壓無鹵阻燃等等。涉及到低溫區域環境，如-60攝氏度的極低環境溫度，還應考慮低溫特性進行設計。

7 人機交互性的設計

現代設計理念要求考慮人機交互性，如配電箱安裝的高度，箱內或箱外的照明燈具，各回路開關標簽及運行指示燈的位置，顏色，必要時急停開關的設置及醒目的標識說明等等，都應考慮在內。

Design of low voltage distribution system

1 About distribution box：

Distribution box is a device that assembles switchgear, measuring instruments, protective electrical and auxiliary equipment in closed metal or non-metal boxes according to electrical wiring requirements and purchases low-voltage distribution devices. The distribution box should have the function of distributing power reasonably, and the load balance of each phase should be considered as far as possible in the design, and the impact of start-stop control on the grid should be minimized. Generally divided into lighting distribution box, metering power box, power distribution box.

2 Production execution standard：

Generally, in China, accordance with GB7251 standard, and in other areas of the international project, we should follow the technical specifications of the tenderer.

GB7251.1 2013 Low voltage switchgear and control equipment - Part 1 General

Low voltage switchgear and control equipment - Part 2: Switchgear and control equipment

GB7251.3 2017 Low voltage switchgear and control equipment - Part 3 Switchboards operated by general personnel

Internationally, we generally comply with IEC61439 standards to meet European standards. Sometimes customer project requirements will be implemented according to British Standard standards, BS standard switching standards cover many aspects, including circuit breakers, trip, power relays, gas insulated switches, manual control switches, automotive electronics, relays and so on. An in-depth understanding of these standards is essential for the safety of market participants (such as manufacturers and design institutes) and end users.

The implementation of BS switching standards aims to guarantee the quality and performance of products to ensure that there are no hazards and failures when using switchgear. In the process of developing the standard, many factors such as the performance of the switch product, life, the impact of the external environment, the safety needs of the user, voltage and frequency are comprehensively considered.

The BS switch standard has been regarded as one of the most authoritative and reliable standards in the world

for a long time. It is widely believed that the use of BS standard switches will provide consumers with more safety,

reliability and long-term protection.

3 Electrical parameters and operating environment requirements：

Different countries and regions, the voltage out of the substation is not only the same, so at the beginning of the design, we should confirm with the customer the voltage, protection level, indoor or outdoor use, and whether it belongs to the sea, or is used at sea. At the same time, we should also consider the on-site temperature difference, humidity, altitude and other effects. When the temperature/humidity is relatively large in the morning and evening, the box needs to be equipped with a heater dehumidification, and if necessary, it also needs to be equipped with a reliable breathing valve. The complex environment of the site will affect the selection of components and the design of distribution box structure. In addition, the installation method of the distribution box, the opening direction of the cabinet door, the material requirements of the distribution box shell and so on should be considered.

4 Protection level of distribution box：

The IP Protection (Ingress Protection) system was drafted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to classify electrical appliances according to their dust and moisture resistance. IP protection level is composed of two numbers, the first number indicates the electrical dust, to prevent the level of foreign object intrusion (here refers to the foreign objects including tools, human fingers, etc. are not exposed to the electrical appliances within the live part, so as to avoid electric shock), the second number indicates the degree of electrical moisture, waterproof immersion, the greater the number indicates the higher the level of protection. The protection level shall comply with the IEC60529 standard.

The first digit after IP indicates the dust protection level

Digit	Range of protection	Instructions
0	unguard	No special protection against outside persons or objects
1	Prevent the invasion of solid objects larger than 50mm in diameter	Prevent the human body (such as the palm) from accidentally contacting the parts inside the electrical appliance, and prevent the intrusion of foreign objects of larger size (diameter greater than 50mm)
2	Prevent the invasion of solid objects larger than 12.5mm in diameter	Prevent human fingers from contacting the parts inside the appliance, and prevent the intrusion of medium size (diameter greater than 12.5mm) foreign objects
3	Prevent the invasion of solid objects larger than 2.5mm in diameter	Prevent tools, wires and similar small foreign objects with a diameter or thickness greater than 2.5mm from invading and contacting the parts inside the electrical appliance
4	Prevent the invasion of solid objects larger than 1.0mm in diameter	Prevent tools, wires and similar small foreign objects with a diameter or thickness greater than 1.0mm from invading and contacting the parts inside the electrical appliance
5	Prevent foreign objects and dust	Completely prevent foreign object intrusion, although it can not completely prevent dust intrusion, but the amount of dust intrusion will not affect the normal operation of the electrical appliance
6	Prevent foreign objects and dust	Completely prevent foreign objects and dust intrusion

The second digit after IP indicates the waterproof rating

Digit	Range of protection	Instructions
0	unguard	No special protection against water or moisture
1	Prevent water dripping	Falling water droplets (such as condensate) will not cause damage to electrical appliances
2	When tilted 15 degrees, water droplets can still be prevented from immersion	When the appliance is tilted from vertical to 15 degrees, dripping water will not cause damage to the appliance
3	Prevent the spray water from soaking in	Prevent rain or prevent water sprayed in the direction of vertical Angle less than 60 degrees from invading electrical appliances and causing damage
4	Prevent splashing water from soaking in	Prevent splashing water from all directions from invading electrical appliances and causing damage
5	Prevent the spray water from immersing	Prevent low pressure spray lasting at least 3 minutes
6	Keep big waves out	Avoid spraying large amounts of water for at least 3 minutes

5 Selection of internal components

The selection of components, such as the selection of thermal relays, needs to be selected according to the trip current and complexity. In addition, without the different standards of the country, we should also pay attention to the color of the wire, and the pressure level, whether the wire is required to be low-pressure halogen-free flame retardant and so on. When it comes to low-temperature regional environments, such as extremely low ambient temperatures of -60 degrees Celsius, the low-temperature characteristics should also be considered in the design.

7 Design of man-machine interaction

Modern design concepts require consideration of human-machine interaction, such as the height of the distribution box installation, the lighting inside or outside the box, the location of the circuit switch label and running indicator light, color, if necessary, the setting of the emergency stop switch and eye-catching identification instructions, etc., should be taken into account.